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Jean’s Crash to Realization A Psycho-Therapeutic Evaluation Essay Example

Jean’s Crash to Realization: A Psycho-Therapeutic Evaluation Paper Living in a multi-ethnic culture doesn't come in as simple. Frequently, we have heard or possibly experienced ourselves some bias with respect to individuals that has not a similar shade of our skin. In TV and in motion pictures, there are conflicts in societies. Obscure bias caused essentially by people’s refusal to acknowledge reality for what it's worth. As a film that handles the wrongdoings of bigotry, Paul Haggis’ Crash (2005) is a multi-layered analysis about the real factors happening in a multifaceted Los Angeles urban life. In excess of a joined accounts of individuals, it includes no immediate positive or negative individuals. These are individuals interconnected to one another in remnants of wrongdoing, bigotry, defilement, commitment, ire and chance over a two-day time span. The storyline superimposes the unpredictability of the multifaceted stories of their lives weaved under the various social and mental issues normally covered up inside the storage room of the American awareness. Albeit quickly displayed, Sandra Bullock depicts one of the additionally fascinating characters with regards to the film. In Crash, she is Jean, an intensely quelled and despondent privileged spouse of LA’s lead prosecutor. Right off the bat in the film, she was damaged when two dark men held her at gunpoint with her better half Richard (Brendan Fraser), as they were removing their vehicle. After the occurrence, she starts her neurosis about her security and individuals around her. She hyperventilated that she needs her locks at home re-done, after she had seen the Latino locksmith’s tattoos. Plainly, the occurrence had supported her pre-considered predispositions and separation to minorities individuals around her, and she didn't flutter an eyelash that her house keeper, her husband’s aides and the locksmith caught her racial slurs. We will compose a custom paper test on Jean’s Crash to Realization: A Psycho-Therapeutic Evaluation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Jean’s Crash to Realization: A Psycho-Therapeutic Evaluation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Jean’s Crash to Realization: A Psycho-Therapeutic Evaluation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer She said that she was furious why she had the right to experience such brutality. Her lone issue, as per her, was the point at which she saw the two dark folks, she looked and got some distance from them and afterward they assaulted her: â€Å"That makes me a supremacist! † As such, we understand that separation and view of segregation keep on being prevailing powers in the lives of individuals in the United States. Jean’s separation toward non-white individuals has gotten progressively serious. This showed of being too touchy about things around her, as basic as reproving her house keeper since she didn't place the plates in the drawers subsequent to dishwashing them. What shows in Bullock’s character in the film is named as â€Å"aversive racism†. As a result of the current social qualities, most whites have solid feelings concerning reasonableness, equity, and racial fairness. Notwithstanding, as a result of a scope of typical subjective, persuasive, and socio-social procedures that advance racial inclinations, most whites additionally build up some negative sentiments toward or convictions about blacks, of which they are unconscious or which they attempt to separate from their non-biased mental self portraits. Since an aversive bigot doesn't separate with cognizant goal and doesn't know that the individual is segregating based on race, an aversive supremacist will rush to prevent proof from claiming individual preference. An aversive racists forswearing of deliberate segregation, albeit veritable, may then increase racial clash and doubt (Dovidio Gaetner, 2004). Along these lines, Jean’s contrary sentiments toward blacks, or minorities individuals, don't simply reflect open threatening vibe or contempt, however her responses included inconvenience, anxiety, sicken, and some of the time dread. Be that as it may, when her character stated, I am disturbed however its not due to the carjack. I wake up feeling like this each morning. I am furious however I dont know why. She starts to reflect about her unreasonable responses. This reflection was validated when she tumbles off the steps not long after. Incongruity has hit her since it was her Mexican servant who helped her from the mishap since her white companion (for a long time) was caught up with â€Å"getting a back rub. † She was appreciative to the house keeper that she embraced her as she showed up at the acknowledgment about the individuals and things that issue most. This deleted all her obscure feelings of trepidation about certain individuals who are not inalienably awful. As a reflection of the prime examples that endure in American culture, Crash introduced an awareness about the interconnectedness of individuals and the circumstances that made them think of their own acknowledge, which was kind of remedial for them to free off their inclinations. Thusly, the film welcomes its watchers to concoct their own acknowledge about the contemporary cross-area of American culture and give a space about points of view on the best way to manage their own biases. References Dovidio, J. F. furthermore, Gaetner, S. L. (2004). Aversive Racism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 36.

Methods of Dream Interpretation What Do Dreams Mean

Methods of Dream Interpretation What Do Dreams Mean Sleep and Dreaming Print Dream Interpretation: What Do Dreams Mean? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 More in Psychology Sleep and Dreaming Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Freud Jung Hall Domhoff Popularization Effect of Bias View All Back To Top While many theories exist to explain why we dream, no one yet fully understands their purpose, let alone how to interpret the meaning of dreams. Dreams can be mysterious, but understanding the meaning of our dreams can be downright baffling. Our dreams contents can shift suddenly, feature bizarre elements, or frighten us with terrifying imagery. The fact that dreams can be so rich and compelling is what causes many to believe that there must be some meaning to our dreams. Verywell / Jessica Olah Some prominent researchers such as G. William Domhoff suggest that dreams most likely serve no real purpose.?? Despite this, dream interpretation has become increasingly popular. While research has not demonstrated a purpose for dreams, many experts believe that dreams do have meaning. According to Domhoff: Meaning has to do with coherence and with systematic relations to other variables, and in that regard, dreams do have meaning. Furthermore, they are very revealing of what is on our minds. We have shown that 75 to 100 dreams from a person give us a very good psychological portrait of that individual. Give us 1000 dreams over a couple of decades and we can give you a profile of the persons mind that is almost as individualized and accurate as her or his fingerprints.?? 1:49 7 Theories on Why We Dream Simplified Freud: Dreams as the Road to the Unconscious Mind In his book The  Interpretation of Dreams,  Sigmund Freud suggested that the content of dreams is related to wish-fulfillment. Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream, or the actual imagery and events of the dream, served to disguise the latent content or the unconscious wishes of the dreamer. Freud also described four elements of this process that he referred to as dream work:?? Condensation â€" Many different ideas and concepts are represented within the span of a single dream. Information is condensed into a single thought or image.Displacement â€" This element of dream work disguises the emotional meaning of the latent content by confusing the important and insignificant parts of the dream.Symbolization â€" This operation also censors the repressed ideas contained in the dream by including objects that are meant to symbolize the latent content of the dream.Secondary Revision â€" During this final stage of the dreaming process, Freud suggested that the bizarre elements of the dream are reorganized in order to make the dream comprehensible, thus generating the manifest content of the dream. Freud and Dream Interpretation Jung: Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious While Carl Jung shared some commonalities with Freud, he felt that dreams were more than an expression of repressed wishes. Jung suggested that dreams revealed both the personal and collective unconscious and believed that dreams serve to compensate for parts of the psyche that are underdeveloped in waking life. In contradiction to Jungs assertions, however, later research by Hall revealed that the traits people exhibit while they awake are the same as those expressed in dreams. Jung also suggested that archetypes such as the anima, the shadow, and the animus are often represented symbolic objects or figures in dreams.?? These symbols, he believed, represented attitudes that are repressed by the conscious mind. Unlike Freud, who often suggested that specific symbols represent specific unconscious thoughts, Jung believed that dreams can be highly personal and that interpreting these dreams involved knowing a great deal about the individual dreamer. Hall: Dreams as a Cognitive Process Calvin S. Hall proposed that dreams are part of a cognitive process in which dreams serve as conceptions of elements of our personal lives.?? Hall looked for themes and patterns by analyzing thousands of dream diaries from participants, eventually creating a quantitative coding system that divided whats in our dreams into a number of categories. According to Hall’s theory, interpreting dreams requires knowing: the actions of the dreamer within the dreamthe objects and figures in the dreamthe interactions between the dreamer and the characters in the dreamthe dream’s setting, transitions, and outcome The ultimate goal of this dream interpretation is not to understand the dream, however, but to understand the dreamer. Domhoff: Dreams as a Reflection of Waking Life G. William Domhoff is a prominent dream researcher who studied with Calvin Hall at the University of Miami. In large-scale studies on the content of dreams, Domhoff has found that dreams reflect the thoughts and concerns of a dreamer’s waking life. Domhoff suggests a neurocognitive model of dreams in which the process of dreaming results from neurological processes and a system of schemas.?? Dream content, he suggests results from these cognitive processes. Popularizing Dream Interpretation Since the 1970s, dream interpretation has grown increasingly popular thanks to work by authors such as Ann Faraday. In books such as The Dream Game, Faraday outlined techniques and ideas than anyone can use to interpret their own dreams. Today, consumers can purchase a wide variety of books that offer dream dictionaries, symbol guides, and tips for interpreting and understanding dreams. Dream research will undoubtedly continue to grow and generate interest from people interested in understanding the meaning of their dreams. However, dream expert G. William Domhoff recommends that ...unless you find your dreams fun, intellectually interesting, or artistically inspiring, then feel free to forget your dreams. Others such as Cartwright and Kaszniak propose that dream interpretation may actually reveal more about the interpreter than it does about the meaning of the dream itself. A Dreams Meaning Might Depend on Your Biases Researchers Carey Morewedge and Michael Norton have studied the dreams of over 1,000 individuals from the United States, India, and South Korea.?? What they discovered is that few of the college students who participated in the research believed that their dreams were simply the brains response to random stimulation. Instead, most endorsed Freuds notion that dreams reveal unconscious wishes and urges. What they also discovered, however, is that the weight and importance people attach to their dreams depend largely on their biases. People are more likely to remember negative dreams if they involve people that they already dislike. They are also more likely to take positive dreams seriously if they involve friends or loved ones. In other words, people are motivated to interpret their dreams in ways that support their already existing beliefs about themselves, the world, and the people around them. The researchers found that such things as the confirmation bias and the self-serving bias even impact how people respond to their own dreams. Because people tend to take their dreams seriously, the researchers suggest, these dreams can also become something of a self-fulfilling prophecy. If you dream that you are going to fail an exam, you might be less motivated to study or even become so stressed out that you perform poorly. Dreams may or may not have meaning  but the fact remains that interpreting dreams has become a popular past time. Some people even base major life decisions on the contents of their dreams. 9 Common Dreams and What They Supposedly Mean

What is a credit union - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2830 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A credit union is a co-operative financial institution, which is owned and controlled by its members. Credit unions are not-for-profit, and exist to provide a safe, convenient place for members to save money and obtain loans and other financial services at competitive rates. Members of a credit union share a common bond, such as their occupation, where they live or attend church. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is a credit union?" essay for you Create order (Credit Union League 2004). The Jamaica Credit Union League, a co-operative central body embracing all the credit unions in the island was founded in 1942. The League was a voluntary association, which was democratically controlled and financed by its member credit unions. With the establishing of this League headed by Father John Peter Sullivan, the Movement now had an organization whose objectives included: representing its members by contacting the Government about issues such as legislation, conducting central business services, receiving deposits from Credit Unions and other Co-operative Societies, making loans to its member credit unions and also to undertake investments for the member credit unions by organizing new credit unions. Member societies paid fees of ten cents (10c) per annum per individual member to access the Leagues services. In March, 1949 the League established the deposit and loan section which required that credit unions to deposit sums equal to their statu tory reserves. These credit unions could obtain loans at the rate of 5% per annum to meet their own lending demands.  [i]  Later individual members of credit unions were granted loans on the recommendations of their Credit Unions at the rate of 6%per annum. (Credit Union League 2004). The aim of the Credit Union is to provide a wide range of services to meet the needs of its members and to provide a safe place for savings and completive interest rates on loans. WHAT IS A DEVELOPMENT BANK? The Development bank of Jamaica was established on April 1, 2000 (Development bank of Jamaica, 2007) there was a merger between two owned Government of Jamaica institutions, which were the Agricultural Credit Bank and the National Development Bank Of Jamaica Limited. The Agricultural Credit Bank and the National Development Bank were founded in 1981.The Development Bank of Jamaica was governed by the Ministry of Finance and Planning and the board members, which was appointed by the Ministry. According to Development bank of Jamaica (2007) it is stated that the bank provides the following: it facilitates development financing to the productive sectors primarily in the areas of agriculture, agro-processing manufacturing, information processing tourism, service and mining and quarrying. It helps with credit principally through a wide range of Approved Financial Institution (AFIs), including Commercial and Merchant Banks, Peoples Cooperative Bank; Credit Unions are private sectors deve lopment financial institution. They invested in the agricultural, manufacturing, tourism, agro-processing, quarrying and mining and services sectors. They also play a critical role in non-credit activities principally with respect to the upgrading of the Peoples Cooperative Banks as well as providing assistance to a number of sub-sectors which have faced difficulties. With these roles the development banks seeks to endorse economics development within the developing countries. iiCaribbean Development Bank intends to be the leading catalyst for development resources into the Region, working towards the systematic reduction of poverty through social and economic development. They assist with borrowing member countries to the use of their resources, developing their economies and increase production and trade. They encourage private and public investment, development of the financial upturn in the region and helps business activities and expansion. Developments Banks aimed to mobili ze their resources from both within and outside the region for development. These banks provide technical assistance to its regional borrowing members, support regional and local financial institutions and a market for credit savings. They also support and stimulate the development of capital markets within their region. Their vision is to facilitate economic growth, development, job creation resulting in an improved for all Jamaicans. To be an innovative financier of economic activity, they offer a supportive of national development, to provide the best place for work and to be a world class development bank. CREDIT UNIONs IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT Credit Unions vary from Banks and other financial institutions, their members have ownership of the credit union and they elect their board of directors in a democratic one-person-one vote system irrespective of the amount of money that has been invested in the credit union. Credit Unions contribute to economic development through the wider community, mobilizing significant volumes of savings. (Journal of Public Sector Policy Analysis 2009) Research has confirmed that credit unions contribute positively to national development in Barbados and other Caribbean territories. (Roland, 2009). Credit Unions continue to be a prominent source of growth within the financial sector and therefore their macroeconomic significance has increased considerably. They have transformed the social and economic status of several members, enabling them to advance from the underprivileged class to the home owner class, by providing affordable terms and conditions for access to loans to finance a wide rang e of programmes. This paper seeks to determine the contribution of credit unions to national development. Research by the Centre for Economic Development and Area Regeneration (2000) concluded that credit unions start up or operate using the ethical approach, which focuses on having a strong community base with much volunteer involvement developing at its own pace, have been relatively ineffective. In response to some of the issues raised, there has been a gradual shift in the British credit union movement to new model development'(Jones, 2001). Jones believes that new model development is based on seven doctrines which will bring economic success, serving the financial needs of the population at large, maximizing savings, portfolio diversification, operating efficiency, financial discipline, self-governance and assimilation. Evidence of accepting the new model can be seen in the promotion of new business oriented approach to credit union development. Dr. Yaw Forkuoh, Senior Lect urer at the Department of Pharmacy of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), (Ghanaian Jounnal, 2009) stated that credit unions are vital institutions which help to decrease poverty among people in society. He had appealed to the government to channel Poverty Alleviation Funds through credit unions for the distribution to people as loans, to better improve their income and way of life. He said that loan delinquency has been a serious issue facing the credit unions and asked the management of the unions to take the necessary steps to ensure that are been loans granted to their members will be paid on time for others also to benefit from it. Dr. Yaw Forkuoh, believes that the credit union is accessible by its member where loans are concerned which will better develop the economy. Credit Unions contribute and support other local organizations in concreting ways to carry out community projects. These projects have a community development focus on building cap acity, resilience, and strength in the community and not necessarily any direct economic component. These are resources committed for all different types of activities include financial resources, human resources, equipment, space, and more. Involvement in community development is important; it does not yield a quantifiable return for the credit union or the local economy. With such involvement will strengthen the name and reputation of the credit union as a community leader and contributor. Schulze-Delitzsch and Raiffeisen stated that the Credit unions are not conventional financial institutions. The kind of development for which they are uniquely well-suited is not conventional economic development, but community economic development, which is based in and draws on the communitys needs and resources, the same way a credit union does, but by contributing to communities it can be led to economic development. Credit unions have enhanced local economies by increasing the availabili ty of small loans and reduce to meet its members borrowing costs. But where there is a need, credit unions still contain their original potential to be agents for business development. Claes Bell, 2008 said that if everyone was a credit union member, would we be toasting the new economic recovery instead of self-pitying in the same sickness weve been mired in since 2009. A recent survey shows consumers who bank at credit unions have a more positive view of their personal finances than those who dont. According to credit union data released from the Discover U.S. Spending Monitor in September, 38 percent of credit union members rate their personal finances as good or excellent, compared to 30 percent amongst noncredit union members surveyed. Just 17 percent of credit union members rate their finances as poor, while 29 percent of noncredit union members feel the same way. Both groups differ when their personal financial situations are getting better or worse, whats more, credit union members report an objectively better financial situation than their bank-only counterparts. Allowing the poor in various rural areas to increase access to financial services, the poor may face a number of constraints when they seek access to financial services. However access to credit is very crucial because the credit union can smooth cash income fluctuations. They help to achieve occasional unexpected earning opportunities. They open more options and opportunities for increasing the securities and liquidity of a poor household. Access to deposit facilities will allow poor people to store current income for future use, which has welfare to improving effects because it means that people are less likely to suffer when unavoidable external shocks hit them. (Kirton 1991) stated that statistics has proven that majority of credit unions membership falls into lower income category. Credit unions are known to encourage saving habit, they provide low transaction cost too which is required to mobilize a great number of small voluntary savings accounts, offering a wide variety of savings services. They also have sound institutional controls and structures that are needed to accompany saving mobilization. Credit unions contribute significantly to small and micro-enterprise, a great proportion of credit union loans are allocated to a category called the business sector, comprise mostly of micro and small business, involved in a wide range of activities. These business aids in the development of the country through the provision of employment. This goes to show that credit union is vital in developing counties because it helps to boost the economy. DEVELOPMENT BANKS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Development bank,  national or regional financial institution are designed to provide medium- and long-term capital for productive investment, often accompanied by technical assistance, in poor and developing counties. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica is meticulously stated that the number of development banks has increased significantly since the 1950s; they have been invigorated by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliates. The large regional development banks along with the Inter-American Development Bank, established in 1959; the Asian Development Bank, which began operations in 1966; and the African Development Bank, established in 1964. They may make loans for specific national or regional projects to private and public bodies or may operate in conjunction with other financial institutions. One of the major activities of development banks has been the recognition and promotion of private investment chances. Although the effort s of the majority of development banks are focused towards the industrial sector, some are also concerned with agriculture. Development banks may be a public or private entity which may own and operated, although governments often make significant contributions to the capital of private banks. The form and cost of financing offered by development banks depend on their cost of earning capital and their need to show a profit and pay dividends. (Development bank 2011). In Development practices have triggered some controversy. Because development banks tend to be government-run and are not accountable to the taxpayers who fund them, there are a small number of checks and balances preventing the banks from making some horrible investments. Some international development banks have been accused for imposing policies that ultimately undermine the economies of recipient countries. Yet another concern centres on moral hazard that is, the possibility that fiscally irresponsible policies by recipient countries will be effectively rewarded and thereby encouraged by bailout loans. While theoretically a serious concern, the existence of such moral hazard has not been substantiated. Growth and Development Strategies for the Caribbean, was coordinated by the Banks Economics department and includes papers commissioned from Caribbean experts. These papers, which  appraise the main strategies  for economic growth pursued by regional countries in recent times, are sector-wide in coverage with attention to such areas as agriculture, manufacturing, tourism and mining, among others. The Banks are still continuing to work towards being more responsive to its clients by improving efficiency and strengthening its institutional ability. Development Finance Corporation (DFC) is the label generically applied to institutions established for the specific purpose of providing finance for economic development. DFCs have also been described as development banks, specialized credit agencies, and credit boards (Bourne 1991). Development finance is needed to provide additional financial capital to remove or at least relax the savings constraint on physical capital accumulation. Development banks are there to assist with any matter that arises. The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have combined with the Government of Grenada to mainstream disaster risk reduction into the reconstruction process following the devastation caused by Hurricane Ivan in Grenada in September 2004. The Caribbean Development bank intervenes when there is any natural disaster that may affect the economy of any country within the Caribbean region. They participants assisted in drafting a Policy and Guiding Principles for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into the reconstruction process. (Caribank 2005) In partnership with the public and private sectors, CDB will seek to balance the undertakings and initiatives of all th e performers in the overall private sector development effort for CDBs BMCs, particularly in areas where there is demonstrable market failure. According to CDB private sector development strategy 2004, stated that CDB support business and product development by providing financing and TA for development of new businesses and products, expansion of existing enterprises and building institutional and enterprise size. This includes the provisions of finance for both public and private sector investment to maintain and improve economic and social infrastructure. The CDBs strategic objective for private sector development in the borrowing member countries, is to improve the global competitiveness of the Regions productive sector on a sustainable basis and reposition Caribbean economies into the mainstream of the world economy. These are the development banks are doing and should be doing to develop developing countries. By now there is an ever-expanding body of evidence that suggests countries with better developed financial systems experience faster economic growth (Levine, 1997 and 2005). More recent evidence also suggests financial development not only stimulates growth, but also develops the distribution of income. Better developed banks and markets are associated with faster growth is also confirmed by panel and time-series estimation techniques. This research also shows that financial sector development facilitates economic growth through more efficient resource distribution and productivity growth rather than through the scale of investment or savings mobilization. (worldbank 2005) China is often mentioned as a counterexample to the findings in finance and growth literature since despite weaknesses in its formal banking system, China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world (Allen, Qian, and Qian 2005), and development banks are playing an integral role in development countries by helping with basic infrastructure and assisting with the develo pment of enterprises. CONCLUSION A credit union is a co-operative financial institution, which is owned and controlled by its members. With the establishing of the credit unions league headed by Father John Peter Sullivan, the Movement now had an organization whose objectives included: representing its members by contacting the Government about issues such as legislation, conducting central business services, receiving deposits from Credit Unions and other Co-operative Societies, making loans to its member credit unions and also to undertake investments for the member credit unions by organizing new credit unions. Credit unions are known to encourage saving habit, they provide low transaction cost too which is required to mobilize a great number of small voluntary savings accounts, offering a wide variety of savings services. They also have sound institutional controls and structures that are needed to accompany saving mobilization. The Development Bank of Jamaica was governed by the Ministry of Finance and Pla nning and the board members, which was appointed by the Ministry. They invested in the agricultural, manufacturing, tourism, agro-processing, quarrying and mining and services sectors. They also play a critical role in non-credit activities principally with respect to the upgrading of the Peoples Cooperative Banks as well as providing assistance to a number of sub-sectors which have faced difficulties. With these roles the development banks seeks to endorse economics development within the developing countries. Development finance is needed to provide additional financial capital to remove or at least relax the savings constraint on physical capital accumulation. Development banks are there to assist with any matter that arises. Better developed banks and markets are associated with faster growth is also confirmed by panel and time-series estimation techniques. This research also shows that financial sector development facilitates economic growth through more efficient resource dist ribution and productivity growth rather than through the scale of investment or savings mobilization.

Relational Database Management System (Dbms) - 1695 Words

Running head: TERM PROJECT Term Project and Proposal Name: University: Course: Date of submission: Abstract Business corporations often require summarized pieces of data in the form of pivot tables for efficient and strategic decision-making. However, the use of pivot tables poses certain data storage problems especially in the light of the need to have the formulas stored with data. This paper presents one data storage situation where using pivot tables for summarizing data was unsuitable because the storage was done using a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, stored in XLS format. The project purposes to implement the data storage using a database management system, in this case, Microsoft Access to address the problem†¦show more content†¦This paper implements the solution using Microsoft Access 2007. In this case, the table would have each Employee with the values such as Al and Clara, the Date with values like 1/05/2011, and the Status with values o, wh, and wa. This would result in several records per day but each record would represent only one Employee. With this form of normalization, it is possible and plain to create the desired pivot table. In fact, pivot tables generated from this normalized data would be able to answer questions like â€Å"which employee worked away on a certain day of the month?† Unfortunately, though, this data is stored in a way that the user would not be able to see or even use it at times. There are many benefits of using a database over spreadsheets for storing this kind of data. The following is a list of some of these benefits to the sales business and users: * Database management systems provide for restricted access to * Databases help reduce or avoid data storage redundancy * Persistent storage of data structures and useful program objects like queries and reports * Databases help enforce referential and standards * Databases help in representing sophisticated relationship among vast amounts of data * DBMS provide for database backup and recovery Data elements to be involved: entities and attributes This database system will center on capturing employee details with respect to whetherShow MoreRelatedComputer Is The Security And Reliability801 Words   |  4 Pageslayer of software so-called operating system runs the whole hardware in accordance with the user commands. The OS is the piece of software which allocates the hardware resources to the processes depending on their priority and usage. 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Relational database management system (RDBMS) is DBMS system that is based on relational model. In this model, data is represented in tuples. The query is the type of request for the information from the database. Database report

American vs. French Revolution Free Essays

Compare and Contrast Essay American vs. French Revolution Throughout the years, our world has faced drastic and far-reaching changes in the way people think and behave. Countries have managed to constantly change their way of viewing things and started by placing action of what they thought. We will write a custom essay sample on American vs. French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two great examples about these conversions are the American and the French Revolution. This times in history, where vital for the formation of nations all over the world and was able to leave a legacy until today. Whereas some people consider these changes as minimal, the American and French Revolution changed the way governments were formed around the world. The French Revolution started in France 1789 which turn out to be a period of radical social and political up heal in France. France was left really poor after helping with the American Revolution a few years before. One of the main conflicts found between the government and the people was that they were charging the poor for taxes while the nobles weren’t paying at all. When the citizens realized it, the governed decided to overthrow the government which at this time was ruled by Louis XVI. More and more people joined the opposition to the existing governing constitution. The Girondin was one of the most important devices in the French revolution due to the fact that many executions of the national party took place there. It was considered a scary time in the country because of the many executions that were held to back up any revolutionary activities. A few years later, Napoleon Bonaparte established an end to the revolution by declaring himself the ‘First consul’ of France, however didn’t quite develop a stable government for later. In the other hand, the American Revolution years earlier back in 1775. The main reason for why this war took place was because the 13 American colonies wanted to break apart from their â€Å"mother land†, Great Britain. Unlike the French, the American battle was fought as a war with guns and canons in where troops seize to obtain power for their country. After 3 years of war, the French and the United States created the Franco-American Alliance in 1778. This was one more step towards the Americans gaining power over their land. This finally concluded in 1783 when they signed the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. However, Independence Day in the United States is celebrated the 4th of July because that same date back in 1776 was when the famous piece written by Thomas Jefferson was signed by the one of the most important people in American history. The declaration stated their freedom as a legit nation and grants them the title of the United States of Americas. As you can see, both revolutions have their differences among with their similarities. One of the obvious ones is that the American Revolution was the one who created this revolutionary movement in world history and inspired other nations who were struggling for their rights (in this case France). France returned them the favor of inspiration by helping them fight against the British and contributing in what was needed. Another similarity was that they both had a written piece (Declaration of Independence and The rights of man) which introduced how the people wanted to be treated. In this fight for what the people believed was right, I’m sure you noticed various differences among the two. First of all, the American Revolution took place an ocean away from the country of origin and the French Revolution was held in France itself. Another difference mentioned before is that the American Revolution was developed through war and battle. France in the other hand was more of executions and conflicts between the people and the government. One of the most important contrarieties was that the United States incarnated America as a state of democracy and created a long lasting government that is still held today. The French tried to do something similar however they weren’t able to. As you can see, the Revolutions, with their differences and similarities, managed to reform their countries in their own way. Weather it was through war or through executions, the people managed to say how they wanted to be ruled and accomplished it. In my opinion I think that the revolutions were and will continue to be one of the most important events in world history and that we will forever have an effect on how our world can behave. How to cite American vs. French Revolution, Essay examples

American vs. French Revolution Free Essays

Compare and Contrast Essay American vs. French Revolution Throughout the years, our world has faced drastic and far-reaching changes in the way people think and behave. Countries have managed to constantly change their way of viewing things and started by placing action of what they thought. We will write a custom essay sample on American vs. French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two great examples about these conversions are the American and the French Revolution. This times in history, where vital for the formation of nations all over the world and was able to leave a legacy until today. Whereas some people consider these changes as minimal, the American and French Revolution changed the way governments were formed around the world. The French Revolution started in France 1789 which turn out to be a period of radical social and political up heal in France. France was left really poor after helping with the American Revolution a few years before. One of the main conflicts found between the government and the people was that they were charging the poor for taxes while the nobles weren’t paying at all. When the citizens realized it, the governed decided to overthrow the government which at this time was ruled by Louis XVI. More and more people joined the opposition to the existing governing constitution. The Girondin was one of the most important devices in the French revolution due to the fact that many executions of the national party took place there. It was considered a scary time in the country because of the many executions that were held to back up any revolutionary activities. A few years later, Napoleon Bonaparte established an end to the revolution by declaring himself the ‘First consul’ of France, however didn’t quite develop a stable government for later. In the other hand, the American Revolution years earlier back in 1775. The main reason for why this war took place was because the 13 American colonies wanted to break apart from their â€Å"mother land†, Great Britain. Unlike the French, the American battle was fought as a war with guns and canons in where troops seize to obtain power for their country. After 3 years of war, the French and the United States created the Franco-American Alliance in 1778. This was one more step towards the Americans gaining power over their land. This finally concluded in 1783 when they signed the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. However, Independence Day in the United States is celebrated the 4th of July because that same date back in 1776 was when the famous piece written by Thomas Jefferson was signed by the one of the most important people in American history. The declaration stated their freedom as a legit nation and grants them the title of the United States of Americas. As you can see, both revolutions have their differences among with their similarities. One of the obvious ones is that the American Revolution was the one who created this revolutionary movement in world history and inspired other nations who were struggling for their rights (in this case France). France returned them the favor of inspiration by helping them fight against the British and contributing in what was needed. Another similarity was that they both had a written piece (Declaration of Independence and The rights of man) which introduced how the people wanted to be treated. In this fight for what the people believed was right, I’m sure you noticed various differences among the two. First of all, the American Revolution took place an ocean away from the country of origin and the French Revolution was held in France itself. Another difference mentioned before is that the American Revolution was developed through war and battle. France in the other hand was more of executions and conflicts between the people and the government. One of the most important contrarieties was that the United States incarnated America as a state of democracy and created a long lasting government that is still held today. The French tried to do something similar however they weren’t able to. As you can see, the Revolutions, with their differences and similarities, managed to reform their countries in their own way. Weather it was through war or through executions, the people managed to say how they wanted to be ruled and accomplished it. In my opinion I think that the revolutions were and will continue to be one of the most important events in world history and that we will forever have an effect on how our world can behave. How to cite American vs. French Revolution, Essay examples

Shimla dairy products free essay sample

Shimla dairy products was a 30 year old family business turned into limited company, which manufactures a wide variety of cheese and other products (including ghee, butter and processed cheese). It manufactures and sells about 29 varieties of cheese. The company currently has two plants with a total capacity of 10000 liters of milk processing. Shimla dairy had been experiencing a growth of 15-20% in sales per annum as opposed to 7-8% growth for the other cheese manufacturing companies in the market. Licensed by the government as a food manufacturer, Shimla is working towards being ISO 9002 accredited and certified with HACCP. Shimla sold its cheese in major Indian cities of New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Bangalore and Hyderabad. It had recently extended its operations to the cities of Ahmedabad, Kolkata and Goa. The major customer for Shimla is the hotel industry (Five-star and the mid-low end) which contributes for about 46% of its revenue. Others include restaurants (20%), Retailers (17%) and Pizza chains (17%). We will write a custom essay sample on Shimla dairy products or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also generates sales through distributors , with one or two distributors in each city. These distributors had exclusive rights for the city and supplied to hotels, restaurants and retail outlets. Shimla dairy has brought about few operational changes, like introducing a night shift to ensure higher quality of milk. Also, the testing for bacteria, yeast and moulds has been improved. Compared to its competitors Shimla dairy has a very low plant capacity and this has lead to the loss of few contracts by the company. Inspite of all these, Shimla had been facing a few problems and is looking out on ways to improve its sales. Few questions, which they are considering are should it explore a particular niche (high or low end cheese)? , which area to concentrate on? How to market its products better? Should the production facilities be expanded? How to create more brand awareness? To analyze the company’s position better , the strengths and weaknesses of Shimla dairy are analyzed . Strength and Weakness analysis (Shimla Dairy): Strengths: * High quality product/s * High sales improvement * High growth in sales (15- 20%) * Wide variety of products * Huge emphasis given on the quality of the product Weaknesses: Limited processing capacity when compared to competitors. Location of the processing plant at a very high altitude makes transportation costlier. * Direct sales only to few supermarkets and bakeries * Distributors had the exclusive rights for those particular city sales. * Heavy reliance on banks for working capital * Zero percent revenue was used for marketing purpose. * Too many varieties , considering the plant capacity * Product recall due to defect in storage conditions or problem in transit, which added an additional cost to the company. External Environment Analysis: Cheese Industry in INDIA Until recently cheese market in India was in infancy but was now poised into a growth stage. A decade ago cheese was a fairly new product to Indian market. But with about 1. 2 billion young, growing population and the growing desire for western style foods and increasing penetration into the Indian market, Cheese has grown rapidly in India. The branded cheese market was estimated to be 9000 tonnes per annum valued at 1. 8 billion. In addition, Indian dairy sector is expected to triple its production in the next 10 years. The increase is expected to reflect in the cheese industry too. Also, India is the lowest cost producer of milk in the world. The market scene in India proves it to be favorable for foreign investment in the sector. Cheese industry in India is not highly regulated. However Government was expected to bring about a policy that non certified cheese shall not be sold. Cheese was mainly consumed in urban areas. Competition : The competition in cheese industry, especially the low end cheese is fierce. Many international brands entered the market. In addition there are many new entrants into the market like Amul, Britannia, Vadilal, Verka, Nandini, Dynamix etc. The entry of the new players and increased marketing activity was expected to expand the market. In anticipation of growth, most of the major players were in the process of expanding their production capabilities. These firms posed tuff competition to Shimla Dairy. To understand the market condition better, following is the opportunities and threat analysis. Opportunity and Threat analysis: Opportunity: * Focus on South Indian restaurant segment as consumption is higher compared to North. * Can explore the pizza chains segment Increase the processing capacity, hence attracting more large scale customers * Milk, which is the major raw material, is available at lowest price. Increasing awareness of cheese and its varieties * Increasing willingness of people to explore new western-style taste * More and more varieties of cheese being introduced. Threats: * The milk yield per cow is on the decreasing side * Fierce competition, thereby limiting the profit margins * No regulation by the government thereby spawning new entrants in low end cheese area. * Lack of sources for funds to increase the production capacity.

Hookah Smoking in Saudi Arabia Essay

Hookah Smoking in Saudi Arabia Essay Hookah Smoking in Saudi Arabia Sociology Essay Example Hookah Smoking in Saudi Arabia Sociology Essay Example The issue of hookah smoking is a topical and strongly controversial in the current course of time. To be more precise, the dilemma involves the definition of the hookah that varies between a casual habit and health threatening dependency. The problem that was explored and analyzed deals with the dramatically increasing rate of hookah use in Saudi Arabia. The topicality of the study relies on the fact that Saudi Arabia has a high rate of the health and social risks associated with smoking hookah. Hookah Smoking: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior in Saudi Arabia The purpose of the given study was to conduct a survey devoted to the attitudes, way of thinking and behavior involving hookah smoking in Saudi Arabia, and to provide credible and consistent data regarding the scope of concern. The course of investigation was conducted by means of employing a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative research design evaluating the knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral patterns of the respondents. The participants of the study were Saudi Arabian youths who used social media. The age group of the respondents varied between 18-27 years and included both male and female participants. The survey was offered to 120 individuals, when only 30 of them (25%) responded. The findings revealed that regarding hookah as a social event and as an image-making tool was one of the main reasons to try it. Moreover, the participants revealed comparatively low level of awareness about the risks and threats of hookah smoking, but knew about the harm of passive smoking. I t was recommended to conduct more in-depth research regarding the motivation to smoke and to broaden the scope of information on a topic. The given study is aimed at conducting an online survey among the young citizens of Saudi Arabia within the age group starting from 18 years in order to identify the attitude, comprehension, and behavioral patterns involving hookah smoking, and to result in credible and consistent data in the scope of concern. The responses to the questions of the given survey were provided on the voluntary basis. The survey was forwarded via WhatsApp application to the individual users and 163 of them responded. The given chapter analyzes the acquired outcomes from the survey constructively, and presents the justified and perspective conclusions. To be more precise, the attitudes, knowledge, and behavioral patterns of Saudi Arabian youth about hookah smoking will be discussed. As a matter of fact, both active and passive types of smoking are investigated. The final results are evaluated and summarized so that to demonstrate the actual contribution to the field of research and outline the perspective for further investigation. The majority of the respondents were in the age group starting from 28 years and older, namely, 31.9 %. The respondents in the age group of 27 counted for 11.66%, 26-years old participants were 12.27% of the whole group, and 25-years olds individuals constituted approximately 6,13%. Moreover, the participants in the age of 24 were 6.75%, 23-years old respondents counted for 5.52%, the age groups of 22 and 21 covered 6.75% and 8.59% respectively, whereas 20-years old presented 6.13% of the whole group. The age groups that were most weakly represented in the given survey were people of 19 and 18 years – 2.45% and 1.84% correspondently. The given survey involved the participants of both sexes in order to provide objective outcomes for the consequent analysis. As a matter of fact, there were no limitations, obligatory requirements or restrictions in terms of sex factor. The respondents indicated such aspect in their answers, and the statistics is as follows: the number of male participants constitutes for 52.44%, whereas the female part is 47.56%. Hence, both sexes represented their stance according to the issue in question on equal terms. One of the most important and predetermining questions of the currently discussed survey was as follows: â€Å"Have you ever smoke hookah, even one or two times?† The question is crucial as far as it outlines the preliminary scope of research and intensity of the tendency that is explored. The prevailing majority of the answers were positive, namely, 56.17% confirmed that they tried hookah smoking at least once. Moreover, it is crucial to highlight that two people refused to answer the aforementioned question. Hence, the statistics was based only on the responses of 162 participants. The fourth question was developed in the following way: â€Å"Do you know about the health risks and hazards of hookah smoking?† It is a generalized, but essential question that clarifies whether the young generation in Saudi Arabia is aware of the potential threat of the hookah, or ignorant about it. The answers to the given question globalize the problem and put the responsibility on the authorities of the country and medical system. As a matter of fact, 90.26% of the respondents confirmed their knowledge about the risks the hookah smoking could provoke. Two respondents skipped this question. The next question addresses other habits that may be considered less harmful than smoking hookah. The habit of chewing tobacco gum is considered less threatening for the young generation of Saudi Arabia by 9.88% respondents, whereas electronic cigarettes were confirmed by 29.01% as more healthy habit. Smoking cigars was regarded as less harmful by only 7.41% of the participants, and 19.14% stated that smoking tobacco was less harmful than hookah. Furthermore, 28.40% of the individuals involved in the given survey activity stated that they did not know the difference between the levels of harm caused by the products represented in the list of unhealthy smoking habits. Additionally, 27.78% chose the option â€Å"I do not think any of the above is less harmful than smoking a hookah.† The number of the individuals who responded to this question was also 162. The next important data that was acquired in the course of survey involved the revelation of the major reasons that motivated the youth of Saudi Arabia to start smoking hookah. It should be mentioned that five respondents skipped the aforementioned questions, and the amount of the actual respondents was 159. As a matter of fact, 51.57% of the participants stated that they did not smoke hookah. It means that they had only one time experience with the currently discussed activity. 3.77% of the respondents explained the reason of hookah smoking experience by the image they received due to it. To be more precise, hookah smoking made them popular and trendy, or, in other words, contributed to their reputation among the peers. The significant amount of the survey participants (27.67%) confessed that they wanted merely to experiment on the initial stage of smoking activity. 25.79% stated that hookah made them feel good, and it became a reason to start smoking on a regular basis. The rest pa rt of the whole group of respondents, 1.26%, emphasized that hookah smoking was a socializing factor and contributed to their new friendship. The seventh question was aimed at revealing the attitudes and opinions to passive smoking. Four respondents ignored the question. Five participants out of 160 (3.13%) considered breathing the hookah smoke safe, whereas the majority of the individuals who were surveyed, namely, 99 people (61.88%) stated that passive smoking provoked much harm. The respondents who chose other options of attitude were differentiated in the following way: little harm of passive hookah smoking was supported by 11.25% (18 individuals) and some harm was selected by 23.75% (38 respondents). In order to narrow the scope of research and acquire more specific outcomes, the next question addresses the following aspect: â€Å"During the last 30 days, how many days did you smoke a hookah?† The amount of actual responses was 160, out of which the majority, namely, 65.63% (105 individuals) confirmed that they did not smoke hookah during the last 30 days. Nonetheless, the rest of the participants apparently adhered to such activity occasionally. To be more precise, the one-time or two-time practice of hookah smoking was chosen by 20 participants (12.50%), whereas the frequency between 3-6 times per month was revealed by 2.50% (4 individuals). Ten people (6.25%) smoked hookah starting from seven to 14 times during the last 30 days, and only three of the whole group did it 14-22 times per month (1.88%). Additionally, 9 respondents (5.63%) smoked hookah from 22 to 29 times per last month, and the same quantity of people stated that they smoked hookah every day during the las t month. Hence, the practice of every day hookah smoking is evidently an ordinary issue for the substantial quantity of the surveyed individuals. The ninth question features the starting point in terms of hookah smoking, namely, the age at which the respondents started smoking. Five individuals skipped the given question. Therefore, the statistics was calculated on the basis of the answers provided by 159 people. The prevailing majority of the participants of the given survey, 74 people (46.54%), highlighted that they had never been hookah smokers. Moreover, the age group from 8 to 11 was not checked as a starting point of hookah smoking. As a matter of fact, the youngest smoker was one individual (0.63%) who tried smoking hookah in the age of twelve. Furthermore, there was another single respondent who tried smoking hookah when he or she was 14 (0.63%). Nonetheless, the age groups starting from 15 years reveal gradual decrease in the quantity of hookah smokers. To be more precise, four persons (2.52%) started smoking in the age of 15, the same number tried it in 16, and twelve respondents chose the age of 17 as the time of starting hookah smoking. Eight participants (5.03%) chose the option of 18 years, and eleven respondents (6.92%) stated that they start ed smoking hookah a year later, in 19. The age of 20 was the beginning of hookah experience for eleven people (6.92%), and 21 for seven other participants (4.40%). Eight respondents (5.03%) started smoking in 22, and only 3 people (1.89%) in 23. Furthermore, 24 was the age when 7 people (4.40%) started hookah smoking, and only eight respondents out of 159 participants (5.03%) began their hookah experience in the age of 25 years or older. Finally, the tenth question of the currently discussed survey was as follows: â€Å"Have you ever thought about quitting hookah smoking?† The question is a perspective final element of the given research. Only four respondents skipped it, and the results are based on the responses of 160 people. 101 participants chose a box stating â€Å"I do not smoke a hookah.† Hence, 63.13% of the participants considered themselves automatically to be non-smokers on the regular basis. In addition, 5% of the whole survey group (eight people) stated it was their aim to quit hookah smoking during the next month, whereas 6 participants (3.75%) considered it to be their target for the next six months. The other four respondents were determined to quit smoking within a year. 29 respondents (18.13%) revealed their will to quit the given habit, but highlighted that they did not make a precise decision concerning the time, and twelve participants of the survey (7.50%) stated that they were no t intended to quit hookah smoking. Furthermore, it is appropriate to discuss the limitations, assumptions, and their actual violation. It was assumed that every case of participation in the given survey was voluntary and presupposed honest responses. Nonetheless, every question featured particular inquiry that provoked several participants to skip the actual response. As a result, it may be interpreted as a violation of the initial assumption, since the individuals were willing to partake in the surveying activity. In any case, it should be noted that there was no voluntary readiness to provide honest and precise data about their opinions, experience, and attitudes within the scope of concern. Moreover, the assumption that none of the participants lied during the entire study period did not become questionable as far as those who did not want to be honest in terms of responding the given questions skipped them. At the same time, the rest of the answers were provided on the sincere and clear terms. Furthermore, the ass umption that the methods of computation of the collected data were accurate was also proved in the course of the given study. The issue of limitations of the present investigation was connected with the demographic, age, and geographic factors. It is caused by the fact that the given survey study was specifically developed to evaluate the actual awareness of the young generation in Saudi Arabian world, their attitudes, and behavioral patterns related to hookah smoking. Nevertheless, it was done in such way in order to narrow the scope of research and provide credible and detailed outcomes. Evaluation of Findings The findings of the survey that was conducted online and included ten significantly guiding questions reveal peculiar tendencies and attitudes toward the practice of hookah smoking among the youth in Saudi Arabia. First, it is important to highlight that although the majority of the respondents confirmed that they tried hookah smoking, it was not prevailing, while 43.83% of the respondents never tried it at all. Nonetheless, the overall tendency is disturbing as far as substantial quantity of young people in Saudi Arabia smoke hookah regularly. Moreover, the fact that the prevailing majority of them is aware of potential risks and threats that are imposed by hookah smoking, they are not intended to refuse the habit. It reveals comparatively low level of informative provision, since 9.26% of the respondents are ignorant about the threat of hookah. It leads to the assumption that they regard hookah smoking as one of diverse types of traditions connected with the social context. The preliminary research in the given field featured the hookah smoking practice as a unique social event. Moreover, Sharma, Beck Clark (2013) highlight that the issue of concern provokes great risks connected with health condition. Hence, the findings of the given study align with data acquired in the course of preliminary research. Consequently, the depth and appropriateness of the risks comprehension imposed by hookah smoking demonstrated by the participants of the survey should be considered questionable. It is caused by the fact that the outcomes of the fifth question revealed that the smokers are usually unaware of alternatives that are really less harmful for their health. Hence, if they are ignorant about major issues connected with the impact of hookah on health condition, they are most certainly unaware about the diversity of diseases hookah may provoke as the study of previous research indicates. The discussion of the reasons of hookah smoking illustrated that the majority of actual smokers or those who at least tried it initiated smoking experience in order to align with the experience of others. To be more precise, even the answer â€Å"to experiment† that acquired the majority of the voices among the respondents who were actual smokers should be related to the socially relevant roles and stereotypes. It means that the experiments are usually conducted in cases when it is a popular, challenging or obligatory activity within a particular community. Moreover, the answer â€Å"It just makes me feel good† should also be regarded as the one that relies on socially predetermined experience, considering the fact that the person is expected to know that is good from the close surrounding in order to try it. Hence, the aforementioned evaluation aligns with the stance featured by Abdalla, Al-Kaabba, et al. (2006), who state that â€Å"Arab adolescents could believe smoking to help increase the masculine image and perception of maturity among peers.† (p. 1106). Furthermore, the outcomes of questions concerning passive and active smoking are essential in the given c ontext. The responses reveal proper and sufficient understanding of the harm that is provoked by inhaling the hookah when other people smoke. Such aspect of the currently discussed dilemma is crucial as far as it concerns health, environmental, and social issues. Nevertheless, the fact that substantial number of people did not try hookah smoking at all should be regarded as a step toward the enhancement of the given problem. Consequently, the stance presented by Fida and Abdelmoneim (2013) correlated with the acquired results. Finally, it is crucial to highlight that there is a perspective that the majority of current hookah smokers will eventually quit their habit. In any case, most of them have not decided it precisely yet. Hence, the preliminary decision is made, but the terms are not set. It means that diverse policies and supporting programs should be introduced in Saudi Arabia in order to help such individuals make a proper and rightful decision. The evaluation of the survey findings resulted in proper alignment between preliminary study of the scope of concern and primary data. The tendency to smoke hookah is interpreted as a social event and is regarded as a strong threat to the health condition of the youth of Saudi Arabia. Thus, the conducted survey revealed that the tendency to smoke hookah is strong and widely spread. The reasons of smoking were primarily related to considering hookah a social event and an image-making instrument. Moreover, the individuals revealed comparatively low level of awareness about the risks and threats of hookah smoking. Nonetheless, they were informed about the harm of passive smoking. Therefore, it is evident that more thorough and constructive informative support is necessary in order to contribute to elimination of hookah use among the youth in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, implementation of different programs, strategies, and policies at state level will be appropriate. Furthermore, it is recommended to conduct more in-depth research regarding the motivation to smoke to broaden the scope of research.

Biography of Fred Hampton, Black Panther Party Leader

Biography of Fred Hampton, Black Panther Party Leader Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948–December 4, 1969) was an activist for the NAACP and the Black Panther Party. At age 21, Hampton was fatally shot alongside a fellow activist during a law enforcement raid. Activists and the broader black community considered the deaths of these men unjust, and their families ultimately received a settlement stemming from a civil lawsuit. Today, Hampton is widely remembered as a martyr for the cause of black liberation. Fast Facts: Fred Hampton Known For: Black Panther Party activist who was in a law enforcement raidBorn: August 30, 1948 in Summit, Illinois.Parents: Francis Allen Hampton and Iberia HamptonDied: December 4, 1969 in Chicago, IllinoisEducation: YMCA Community College, Triton CollegeChildren: Fred Hampton Jr.Notable Quote: â€Å"We always say in the Black Panther Party they can do anything they want to to us. We might not be back. I might be in jail. I might be anywhere.  But when I leave, you’ll remember I said, with the last words on my lips, that I am a revolutionary. Early Years Fred Hampton was born on August 30, 1948 in Summit, Illinois. His parents, Francis Allen Hampton and Iberia Hampton, were Louisiana natives who relocated to Chicago. As a youth, Fred excelled in sports and dreamed of playing baseball for the New York Yankees. However, he also excelled in the classroom. Hampton ultimately attended Triton College, where he studied pre-law in hopes of helping people of color fight back against police brutality. As a teen, Hampton became involved in civil rights by leading a local NAACP youth council. He helped to grow the councils membership to more than 500 members. Activism in the Black Panther Party Hampton had success with the NAACP, but the radicalism of the Black Panther Party resonated with him even more. The BPP had successfully launched a free breakfast program to feed children in a number of cities. The group also advocated for self-defense rather than nonviolence and took a global perspective on the black freedom struggle, finding inspiration in Maoism. A skilled speaker and organizer, Hampton quickly moved through the ranks of the BPP. He became the leader of Chicago’s BPP branch, then the chairmain of the Illinois BPP, and finally the deputy chair of the national BPP. He engaged in grassroots activism, working as an organizer, a peacemaker, and taking part in the BPP’s free breakfast program and people’s medical clinic. A COINTELPRO Target From the 1950s until the 1970s, the FBI’s Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) targeted leaders of activist organizations like Fred Hampton. The program served to undermine, infiltrate, and spread misinformation (often through extrajudicial means) about political groups and the activists who belonged to them. COINTELPRO targeted civil rights leaders such as the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. as well as radical groups like the Black Panther Party, the American Indian Movement, and the Young Lords. As Hampton’s influence in the Black Panthers grew, the FBI began to focus on his activities, opening a file on him in 1967. The FBI enlisted a man named William ONeal to infiltrate and sabotage the Black Panthers Party. ONeal, who had been previously arrested for car theft and impersonating a federal officer, agreed to the task because the federal agency promised to drop the felony charges against him. O’Neal quickly gained access to Hampton by becoming both his bodyguard and a security director in Hampton’s Black Panther Party chapter. As a Black Panther Party leader, Hampton persuaded Chicago’s black and Puerto Rican street gangs to call a truce. He also worked with white-dominated groups like Students for a Democratic Society and the Weather Underground. He called the multiracial groups he collaborated with his Rainbow Coalition. Following FBI director J. Edgar Hoover’s orders, O’Neal undid much of Hampton’s work to foster peace in the community, leading community members to lose confidence in the BPP. Fred Hampton's Killing Sowing discord in the community wasn’t the only way O’Neal attempt to undermine Hampton. He also played a direct role in his killing. On December 3, 1969, O’Neal secretly drugged Hampton by putting a sleeping pill into his drink. Shortly afterward, law enforcement agents initiated an early morning raid on Hampton’s apartment. Despite not having a warrant for weapons charges, they entered the apartment with guns firing. They mortally wounded Mark Clark, who was guarding Hampton. Hampton and his fiancee, Deborah Johnson (also called Akua Njeri), were asleep in their bedroom. They had been wounded but survived the gunfire. When an officer realized that Hampton hadn’t been killed, he proceeded to shoot the activist twice in the head. Johnson, who was expecting a child with Hampton, was not killed. The other seven Black Panthers present in the apartment were charged with several serious crimes, including attempted murder, armed violence, and multiple weapons charges. However, when a Department of Justice investigation revealed that Chicago Police had fired up to 99 shots, and the Panthers had only fired once, the charges were dropped. Activists considered the killing of Hampton to be an assassination. When the FBI’s Pennsylvania field office was broken into not long after, the COINTELPRO files found included a floor plan of Hampton’s apartment and documents that mentioned covering up the FBI’s part in Hampton’s killing. Lawsuit and Settlement The family members of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark sued the Chicago Police, Cook County, and the FBI for $47.7 million in 1970 for wrongfully killing the men. That case was thrown out, but a new case took place in 1979 after officials concluded that the law enforcement agencies involved had obstructed justice and refused to hand over relevant paperwork related to the killings. Three years later, the families of Hampton and Clark learned that they would receive a $1.85 million settlement from the local and federal agencies responsible for the men’s deaths. Although that sum was far less than what they’d sought, the settlement was an acknowledgement, to a degree, of wrongdoing. Had the Chicago Police not killed Fred Hampton, he would have been named chief of staff of the Black Panther Partys central committee, making him a key spokesman for the group. Hampton never got that opportunity, but he has not been forgotten. Soon after his death, the BPP filmed an investigation of his apartment, which police did not close off. The footage captured is seen in the 1971 documentary â€Å"The Murder of Fred Hampton.† An estimated 5,000 mourners turned up to Hampton’s funeral, during which the activist was remembered by civil rights leaders such the Rev. Jesse Jackson and Ralph Abernathy.  Although activists Roy Wilkins and Ramsey Clark characterized Hampton’s killing as unjustified, none of the officers or officials involved in the raid were convicted of wrongdoing. Legacy A number of writers, rappers, and musicians have referred to Fred Hampton in their writings or lyrics. The group Rage Against the Machine famously mentions the activist in its 1996 hit â€Å"Down Rodeo,† in which frontman Zack de la Rocha declares, â€Å"They ain’t gonna send us campin’ like they did my man Fred Hampton.† In the city of Chicago, December 4 is â€Å"Fred Hampton Day.† A public pool in Maywood, Illinois, where Hampton grew up, bears his name. A bust of Hampton sits outside the Fred Hampton Family Aquatic Center. Hampton, like other political activists, seemed keenly aware that his work would put his life in jeopardy. However, while he was alive, he expressed confidence in his own legacy: â€Å"We always say in the Black Panther Party that they can do anything they want to us. We might not be back. I might be in jail. I might be anywhere. But when I leave, you’ll remember I said, with the last words on my lips, that I am a revolutionary. And you’re going to have to keep on saying that. You’re going to have to say that I am a proletariat, I am the people.† Sources Ballesteros, Carlos. â€Å"Black Panther icon Fred Hampton’s boyhood home facing foreclosure.† Chicago Sun-Times, 16 October, 2018.â€Å"Fred Hampton.† National Archives, 15 December, 2016. Silva, Christianna. â€Å"Who Was Fred Hampton, the Black Panther Shot and Killed by Chicago Police 48 Years Ago?† Newsweek, 4 December, 2017.â€Å"Watch: The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther.† Democracy Now! 4 December, 2014.

Tintern Abbey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tintern Abbey - Essay Example These lines capture in essence the role played by memory in preserving emotion and in poetic expression. Tintern Abbey in particular is imbued with the spirit of these lines and best embodies the role of memory in Wordsworth's poetry. At the onset of the poem Wordsworth declares that five years have elapsed since his visit to this idyllic location. With gentle contentment he allows the sheer beauty of the well remembered and much beloved landscape to sink into his being and permeate his very senses. His detailed description of nature bedecked in all finery transports the reader and one can almost see the "steep and lofty cliffs" and hear the "soft inland murmur" of the flowing water (Wordsworth 112). He becomes nostalgic and is filled with bittersweet remembrances connected to this gorgeous spectacle. Slowly he is lifted up on the wings of memory and he sees himself as the boy he once was and as the man he has become and recollects the eventful time between the two stages of his life. In the said five years, Wordsworth's life had been tumultuous and he bore witness to much suffering, sorrow and pain brought on by the darker side of human nature. He had spent time in France at the time of the French revolution and had been an idealistic supporter of the revolutionaries' cause. However in light of the tide of violence that swept the country and subsequent hostilities between France and Britain he became disillusioned and heartsick and returned to his country. Therefore his return to Tintern Abbey and its idyllic setting is a homecoming of sorts. Spurred by his memory he recollects the pleasurable bond he forged with nature and how it sustained him in trying times and happily looks forward to forging a new bond for the future. Wordsworth describes the profound effect his memory of this location has had on him despite his prolonged absence. Even as he nursed his loneliness in crowded cities and towns, his memories of this picturesque scene eased his fatigued state and rejuvenated his wearied spirit as it filled him with "sensations sweet,/ Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart,/ And passing even into my purer mind,/ With tranquil restoration" (Wordsworth 113). Thus for Wordsworth his memories serve as an opiate for the senses, bruised and battered by a harsh life. He further credits memory for his random acts of kindness. His memories of nature's bounty is like a wellspring of goodness that never runs dry and spurs him on towards achieving a state of perfect morality. Thus pleasant sensations induced by memory are responsible for bringing out all that is pure and true in him. Wordsworth also attributes memory with providing him an insight "into the life of things" (114). Oftentimes he is baffled and bogged down by the thick fog of mystery surrounding the mechanism of the world and thus obscuring his vision of life itself. But he is relieved of this cumbersome burden by memory which allows him to reach deep within himself to find answers and ultimately enlightenment. He is able to shed the trappings of civilization and

Smoking cessation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Smoking cessation - Essay Example Evidence Based Practice is essential to the medical practitioners that deal with the smokers since it is from the information gathered from the evidence based practice that nurses are able to ensure quality service delivery in the smoking and smoking cessation services. However, the nursing knowledge and clinical skills must be incorporated just as much as the appropriate evidence and integrate them with an understanding of the patient’s needs i.e. how to handle patients with smoking-related illnesses (Julia 2014). Remarkably, a partial frame of suggestions on the efficiency of intercessions to moderate the amount of deaths due to smoking in underprivileged regions via exploiting practical circumstances, preservation and provision of services; however, some mediation initiatives are hopeful but request for additional evaluation and familiarity in the field, from the nurses and medical personnel. In the past, there has been biasness in evidenced based practice in relation to smoking, where some information does not appear in the report such as the socioeconomic data on the smokers making it hard to come up with stable suppositions for all associates (Susan, 2012). Typically, the data is vital in any evidence-based practice as it generally helps the effecting of the smoking termination interpositions that can help decrease the rising rates in death, and smoking as for those communities that have occupied its peak peal. Decisively, the journal describes the key findings form the Smoking Toolkit study relevant to the smoking cessation policy for the past three years (2007 to 2010); the smoking tool kit study focused on surveys conducted monthly of representative samples of the population of England aged 16 years and above (the surveys were conducted every six months). The results shows that only a small number of smokers were familiar to the smoking cessation programs and had had discussions in the past one year and only a quarter of these smokers had gone on to the next step of the program- being offered a prescription or advised to see a stop smoking practitioner.

Descartes Vs. Pascal Essay -- essays research papers

Descartes vs. Pascal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For centuries, human beings have been debating over the validity of the use of reason. This is a very, very difficult subject to discuss, as one is forced to study something which is at that moment being used in their study. Two classic thinkers who contrasted on their view of reason were Descartes and Pascal. Though both saw reason as the primary source of knowledge, they disagreed over the competence of human reason. Descartes, the skeptic, said that we could use reason to find certain truth if we used it correctly, while Pascal said that we can't know certain truth, but reason is the best source of knowledge that we have. Descartes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reason is the tool by which we know everything that we know. But most people make the mistake of basing their reasoning on assumptions which are not known with 100% certainty. As I've said, â€Å"I am greatly astonished when I consider [the great feebleness of mind] and its proneness to fall [insensibly] into error† (K&B, p. 409). But it is possible to avoid falling into error if we use the valuable tool of reason correctly. In order to do this and find certainty, we must find something that we cannot doubt. This is impossible, as we can logically doubt anything. A certain truth must be something that is not logically possible to be false.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We must doubt, as that is the only way to find certain truth. It is the only way to wipe the slate clean of all of the uncertain assumptions which are believed and taught in the universities today. Just as mathematics will lead to uncertain assumptions if it is not built on certain truths, so will all use of reason lead to uncertain assumptions if it is not built on certain truths. There is a way to use doubt, though, to find certainty. If 100% certainty equals 0% doubt and we are certain that we can doubt everything, then we can use doubt as our certainty. We cannot doubt that we are doubting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With our one certainty, we can now methodically use reason to find more certainties. For example, we can use the certainty â€Å"I am doubting† to find out that â€Å"I exist.† If I am doubting, than there must be an â€Å"I† who is doubting, which means that I must be. Like I've often said, â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† We can continue building on our certainties using rationa... ...e knowledge. Watson:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I agree with Pascal on his view of the capabilities of reason. We are feeble, misled creatures in the midst of a reality which we cannot know. Descartes was correct in his attempt to use mathematical logic to get rid of uncertain assumptions and find truth, but he needs to realize that most truth is beyond our reach. We, as thinking humans, do have the remarkable ability to study ourselves. Yet we have limitations in this study and cannot expect to be able to get a complete grasp of ourselves. Pascal was right on when he said that there are no complete skeptics. There are many things which we must accept, using reason, that we cannot prove with certainty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don't lean quite as far in Pascal's direction on his view of intuitionism. I believe that there is intuitive knowledge which we know with our heart. But this knowledge is only believed correctly when it is rationally processed. As with almost everything, we must find a balance between the use of reason and intuition. We err on the side of believing unreasonably if we use too much intuition, we become too skeptical if we ignore intuitive knowledge.

Dell Supply Chain Management

Research Publication Date: 12 November 2010 ID Number: G00208603 Case Study for Supply Chain Leaders: Dell's Transformative Journey Through Supply Chain Segmentation Matthew Davis Faced with ever-changing customer needs, product commoditization, unique global requirements and new, low-cost competitors, Dell embarked on a three-year journey to segment its supply chain response capabilities. The company designed its supply chains based on a mix of cost optimization, delivery speed and product choices that customers value, while aligning internally across all functions to execute against this vision. Key Findings Dell's market and business strategies changed, requiring the company to move from a single supply chain to a customer segmentation supply chain approach. A unified, cross-functional business strategy with collaborative, decision-making processes across sales, marketing, product design, finance and supply chain is essential for segmentation. Segmentation is enabled by a cost-to-serve (CTS) methodology to dynamically allocate costs to business decisions, highlight net profitability and drive the right actions for each supply chain. Supply chain segmentation is a multiyear journey enabled by the development and alignment of organizational skills to the needs of the journey's different phases. Recommendations Start with segmentation of your company's customers and channels to understand the different demand rhythms and cycles. Focus on decreasing the time required to sense or shape changes to end-customer demand. Begin the design of your supply chain portfolio by isolating and quantifying costs of an end-to-end supply chain that optimizes for operational efficiency. Repeat this analysis for supply chains that require different supply chain responses (for example, agility rather than efficiency). Use a clear set of goals to align cross-functional metrics and incentives to your portfolio in order to drive the right business decisions for each supply chain.  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced or distributed in any form without Gartner's prior written permission. The information contained in this publication has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Gartner disclaims all warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such information and shall have no liability for errors, omissions or inadequacies in such information. This publication consists of the opinions of Gartner's research organization and should not be construed as statements of fact. The opinions expressed herein are subject to change without notice. Although Gartner research may include a discussion of related legal issues, Gartner does not provide legal advice or services and its research should not be construed or used as such. Gartner is a public company, and its shareholders may include firms and funds that have financial interests in entities covered in Gartner research. Gartner's Board of Directors may include senior managers of these firms or funds. Gartner research is produced independently by its research organization without input or influence from these firms, funds or their managers. For further information on the independence and integrity of Gartner research, see â€Å"Guiding Principles on Independence and Objectivity† on its website, http://www. gartner. om/technology/about/ombudsman/omb_guide2. jsp Refine and govern your supply chain portfolio continually by establishing crossfunctional review processes between sales, marketing, product design, finance and supply chain. Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 11 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Dell revolutionized supply chain management with its direct model, configure-to-order (CTO) manufacturing, just-in-time inventory model and impressive cash-to-cash conversion cycle. The company has been a staple in the top five of the AMR Supply Chain Top 25 every year since it started in 2004. But demand for commoditized products, changes in customer channel preferences, emerging market growth, component cost declines, a more capable supply base and globalization have challenged the singular supply chain. In this case study, Gartner examines Dell's period of transformative change as it segmented customer requirements to create a portfolio of supply chain capabilities that provided multiple offerings focused on cost efficiency, speed to customers, choice of features and personalization and/or services. We follow the journey from the perspective of key leaders within Dell's supply chain transformation: Annette Clayton, VP of global operations and supply chain; Jennifer Loveland, disruptive strategy senior manager; Perry Noakes, director of global business excellence and lean; and Bruce Raven, global supply chain optimization senior manager. CASE STUDY Introduction Dell responded to changes in the market by determining how different segments of customers derive value from its products and services. The company's analytics showed customer demand had become quite complex. The B2B market demands predictability, speed, customization, services and precision delivery. Consumers want multiple channel options, the ability to personalize for niche products, low-price options and devices that deliver content. This complexity will only increase as content and virtualization begin to drive the market. To address these issues, Dell segmented its supply chain as part of a multiyear transformation (see Figure 1). Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 11 Figure 1. Dell Supply Chain Evolution Source: Dell (November 2010) Historically, Dell was organized by products and/or region. As part of globalization, the company aligned organizations to customer value consistently across regions. In 2008, it began to leverage its partner network of suppliers where capability, quality performance and cost had improved. Dell would retain its in-house network where strategic differentiation was valued by customers and provided a competitive advantage. This work was a precursor for and an enabler of supply chain segmentation. In this research, we review the â€Å"Customer Value — Segmented Supply Chain† portion of Dell's transformation. The Challenge Dell had three main challenges to solve in end-to-end segmentation: Long-term demand sensing to continually refine its portfolio — Dell's direct model provided extensive customer insights, with over two billion online customer visits per year. But the company also had to figure out how to predict where the market was headed, define a three-year outlook of customer needs and support multiple global customer groups. Supply chain design for a new environment — It had to address a changing business strategy, product commoditization and proliferation, emerging markets, global supply networks and multichannel sales and fulfillment. Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 4 of 11 Complexity reduction — Dell had to carve out an end-to-end, â€Å"low-cost† supply chain focused on efficiency, while maintaining its responsive heritage provided by its CTO capability. This required simplification of product designs, configuration management and planning processes. Approach The transformation moved through six different phases, resulting in a governance process focused on continued improvement and portfolio evolution: Identify Customer Values Dell used historical customer knowledge from contracts, survey results, business intelligence (BI) data and platform sales to begin its customer-centric view of value. To provide a robust, outsidein perspective, Dell invested in resources to complete detailed configuration profitability analysis, targeted surveys and external marketing insights from multiple industries. Understand Dell's Strengths As Mr. Raven stated, â€Å"We had to figure out what we needed to change and what we needed to retain based on what customers value. We were trying to identify what skills would be most important for long-term supply chain excellence. † The company identified the following core competencies: deep customer relationships, supply chain agility and a lean culture that continually improved and automated processes. Understand the External Environment An external perspective was provided through partnerships with Dr. David Simchi-Levi (then professor of engineering systems at Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dr. John Gattorna (then a visiting professor at Cranfield School of Management), cross-industry leaders and various consulting firms. According to Ms. Clayton, â€Å"The perspective of looking outside in is extremely important. We learn from who we believe is doing things best from a variety of industries. † Dell's competitive analysis focused on price points by configuration, new market entrants, such as tablets and smartphones, emerging market requirements and supply chain services. Chart Clear Course and Benefit With a good understanding of customer requirements and the direction of the market, Dell began to design the new supply chain portfolio. It started by defining the supply chain extremes of agility and efficiency (see Figure 2). Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 5 of 11 Figure 2. Chart a Clear Course: Align Product Strategy to Customer Values Source: Dell and Dr. David Simchi-Levi (November 2010) This basic framework was the first step in creating a range of supply chain capabilities. The key was to define the right number of supply chains to fill the gap between most efficient and most agile. Dell went through an extensive exercise to complete this analysis. The company defined 18 potential options, and then simplified to six supply chains. The final result was a portfolio based on a mix of configurations predetermined by Dell and products configurable by customers, paired with â€Å"need it now,† planned and flexible delivery cycle times. Dell also aligned the warranty and services processes to its new portfolio for complete, end-to-end customer solutions. Engage the Entire Organization Segmentation of Dell's supply chain required extensive cross-functional collaboration: IT transformation had to occur in tandem with supply chain transformation, supply chain had to work with finance to enable a CTS methodology and process, and supply chain capability had to be fully integrated with product design throughout the development cycle. Plus, aligning the go-tomarket plans with sales and marketing was essential to driving the desired demand patterns. Continue to Govern and Refine Portfolio The result of Dell's customer channel and supply chain segmentation was the creation of an endto-end model in which multiple capabilities can be arranged in unique configurations to satisfy specific customer requirements (see Figure 3): Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 6 of 11 Figure 3. Engage the Entire Organization: Transformation Is End to End Source: Dell (November 2010) Dell used the â€Å"voice of the customer† value chain to identify the range of capabilities it would need in different functions. The different combinations of these capabilities is what creates the unique supply chain offerings. The company created a standard process to introduce new supply chain requirements. It has a dedicated center of excellence (COE) that intakes requirements from sales, marketing and operations, evaluates the customer benefit and business strategy, and then enables the right changes within product development and supply chain design. Critical to this effort is continuous improvement that utilizes lean methodologies to maintain a focus on what the customers value and conducts benchmarking to provide an outside-in perspective. Results Dell's transformation yielded both financial and qualitative gains: Stronger connection to customers — In Ms. Clayton's words, â€Å"We knew we had to leverage supplier capability and scale, but still control the things that are most important to the customer. We redeployed our resources focused on controlling imaging, delivery and parts of design. We enable best value solutions †¦ giving the customer the exact value they want. † Complexity reduction — Product options had become too complex. In response, Dell reduced configuration complexity in line with customer requirements. As Mr. Noakes stated, â€Å"Product offerings had exceeded customer requirements and were adding unnecessary cost and responsiveness waste in the supply chain. † Improved internal collaboration — Identifying and managing functional interdependencies have driven collaboration across product design, supply chain, marketing, sales and finance. Dell also simplified interactions by centralizing global operations, while aligning to customer verticals. Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 7 of 11 Cost reduction — â€Å"We have realized approximately $1. 5 billion of operational cost reductions between 2008 and 2010. This transformation was a critical factor in that reduction,† said Ms. Clayton. Key drivers in this improvement were leveraging supplier capability and scale, building out new capabilities for the customer, simplified design and reductions in complexity. Improved forecast accuracy — The reduction in complexity and better connection to demand resulted in a three-times increase in forecast accuracy at the product, platform and configuration levels. Critical Success Factors Dell identified four critical success factors: Start with customer value — Historically, customers were segmented by verticals (e. g. , consumer, corporate, government and small business) as well as regions and size. Dell had to look across an aggregated view of these existing groupings to identify shared values relating to product features and supply chain capabilities. A global view was critical to this process. As Mr. Noakes stated, â€Å"[Our] growth markets are not in traditional regions. We need to adjust our model to the new requirements. † A unified, end-to-end business strategy — The Dell team stated this effort was â€Å"truly a corporatewide transformation. † Key to this was the ability to clearly articulate the need for change, the vision and the role of different organizations. To support this communication, several leaders started an internal blog to keep people up to date. Executive sponsorship — The segmentation strategy and potential benefits were shared with the entire executive leadership team to drive cross-functional alignment. Vice Chairman Jeff Clarke was the sponsor of the effort throughout design and implementation. Ms. Clayton added, â€Å"We conduct a weekly, cross-functional executive production governance [meeting] where we spend two-thirds of our time on the future quarters and one-third of our time on how our current quarter plan is being executed. Our planning has become much more unified and strategic. † Dedicated COE — Dell identified 12 key work streams. Each has a VP sponsor, with small teams coordinating and program-managing the change. The company also integrated lean techniques to look across work streams, with four to five value streams to ensure the customer needs were being met by the proposed changes. Lessons Learned According to Mr. Noakes, â€Å"Dell's industry-leading supply chain history has given us the skills to be agile and flexible. It's this history that provides the framework and skills to reach the next levels of success and supply chain leadership. † Five lessons are critical for this evolution: Implementation of Supply Chain Segmentation Is a Journey Dell recognized that the scope of this change would require a multiyear plan and investment. The company set short-term goals to show traction against the overall plan. A key component of the strategy was to pilot capabilities manually, while designing the automated, scalable solution in parallel. This allowed quick wins to build momentum and mitigated risk during the transformation. Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 8 of 11 Different Skills Needed Throughout the Journey Dell had to adapt the following COE skills: Phase 1: vision/design — The skills required are an outside-in perspective focused on customers, knowledge of market and other industries, end-to-end supply chain design and business acumen. Phase 2: change management — The skills required are process design, lean/Six Sigma expertise, data analytics, systems optimization, process automation, program management, organizational influence and communication. Phase 3: orchestrating the ecosystem — Phase 3 denotes a continuously evolving organization focused on translating customer eeds to supply chain capabilities by coordinating and influencing internal and external partners. Cross-Functional Participation Very Necessary Communication across organizations can be difficult, so messages must be tailored to each group. As Ms. Loveland stated, â€Å"The broader the span of communications, the more simplified the message needs to be. † For example, Figure 3, which mapped the portfolio, was simplified when shared across functions (see Figure 4). Figure 4. Engage the Entire Organization: Target Messages by Organization Source: Dell (November 2010) To ensure long-term, cross-functional collaboration, Dell integrated supply chain design into existing product design processes and created a phase-gate review process to standardize future changes to the supply chain. â€Å"Phased releases drive step-function improvements, rather than constant adjustments,† said Ms. Clayton. Finally, metrics across all functions were aligned to the goals of the supply chain portfolio. Transparency of Data Essential Dynamic visibility to customer requirements, demand, cost, materials, forecasts, product road maps, revenue mix and multiple views to margin are required to drive the right decisions. Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 9 of 11 A Balanced Scorecard With Clear Accountability Required Ms. Clayton said, â€Å"We are now able to better balance customer metrics with operational metrics. We're aligned to customer value. For example, we can even provide better ‘green' solutions for customers by balancing logistics nodes with cycle times to take advantage of low-carbon transportation and packaging methodology. The key for Dell is that end-to-end segmentation is an ongoing, evolving journey. Optimization is never done, but rather continuously realigned to changing customer values. RECOMMENDED READING â€Å"Supply Chain Segmentation on the Increase, With High Tech Leading the Pack† â€Å"Supply Chain Strategy for High-Tech Manufacturers: The Handbook for Becoming Demand Driven† â€Å"Supply Chain Segmentation Helps Plexus Evolve From Contract Manufacturer to Pr oduct Realization Partner† â€Å"Top Supply Chain Planning Processes† â€Å"Key Issues for Cross-Industry Supply Chain Leaders, 2010† Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 10 of 11 REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS Corporate Headquarters 56 Top Gallant Road Stamford, CT 06902-7700 U. S. A. +1 203 964 0096 European Headquarters Tamesis The Glanty Egham Surrey, TW20 9AW UNITED KINGDOM +44 1784 431611 Asia/Pacific Headquarters Gartner Australasia Pty. Ltd. Level 9, 141 Walker Street North Sydney New South Wales 2060 AUSTRALIA +61 2 9459 4600 Japan Headquarters Gartner Japan Ltd. Aobadai Hills, 6F 7-7, Aobadai, 4-chome Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0042 JAPAN +81 3 3481 3670 Latin America Headquarters Gartner do Brazil Av. das Nacoes Unidas, 12551 9 ° andar—World Trade Center 04578-903—Sao Paulo SP BRAZIL +55 11 3443 1509 Publication Date: 12 November 2010/ID Number: G00208603  © 2010 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Page 11 of 11